In other words, omissions and failures in the warning system, not to mention red tape, were by no means limited to the PTWC, which is integrated into a global information network which records, processes and transmits seismic data in near real time. Several key organizations (including the Earthquake Information Center World Data Center for Seismology, Denver (NEIC) and The European Space Agency (ESA) among others, are part of this network, and could have duly advised the countries concerned.
Where did the seismic data originate?
This issue, which is crucial to an understanding of the earthquake, was barely mentioned by the media.
The data regarding the magnitude of the earthquake originated from four seismic stations located in the Indian Ocean, operated by the International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) Project . The Scripps Institution Of Oceanography (SIO) at the University Of California at San Diego overseas the IDA seismic stations.
IDA is integrated into the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) and its Global Seismographic Network (GSN ), and into the system of the National Earthquake Information Center World Data Center for Seismology, Denver (NEIC (WDCS-D)). (See Eric Waddell, The Tsunami: Why Weren't They Warned? Jan 2005, http://globalresearch.ca/articles/WAD501A.html )
"Received signals three minutes, thirty seconds after the quake began"
In testimony to the US Congress (Jan 26, 2005), SIO Director John Orcutt confirmed that "data telemetry", namely the transferring of data immediately via phone line, cable, or satellite is central to the SIO's mandate (See Text Box 1 below). He also confirmed that on the 26th of December, data pertaining to The Sumatra-Andaman quake was telemetered from 30 IDA stations and was "immediately and automatically forwarded by computer to the USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado and the NOAA tsunami warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska":
"Due to their proximity to the event, IDA stations were critical in the early detection of the December 26th earthquake. The two closest global seismic stations, IDA stations on Cocos (Keeling) Island (Figure 2) and Sri Lanka (Figure 3), received signals three minutes, thirty seconds after the quake began. Data from these and other IDA GSN stations in the region were used by the NEIC, and other civil, academic, and military systems to quickly determine the quake's size and location." (Statement to the Science Committee of the House of Representatives, 26 Jan 2005. Part of the transcript including House members questions is not available, emphasis added).
In this regard, Dr. Orcutt seems to contradict the substance of his statement, when he affirms that SIO officials got the news from the NEIC, by email one hour and 17 minutes after the earthquake, when in fact the IDA/IRIS network overseen by the SIO had transmitted the data in near real time to the NEIC in the first place, and that this data had been made available to other agencies, in the US and internationally:
"Scripps staff first learned of the quake at 6:16 PM PST (one hour seventeen minutes after the earthquake) when they received notice via automatic email from the NEIC of the initial earthquake detection. SIO [Scripps Institution of Oceanography] also received an inquiry from the IDA/Sri Lanka operator at 6:57PM (one hour fiftyeight minutes after the quake) asking whether there had been any earthquakes in or near Sri Lanka. The operator had received many phone calls from local residents who had felt tremors and wanted to know the source. SIO's analyst replied at 7:13PM with information about the NEIC announcement of the earthquake and a plot of the seismic waves recorded by the IDA station in Sri Lanka. (Ibid)
Not explicitly mentioned in Dr. Orcutt's statement is the fact that one of the Indian Ocean IDA stations, which transmitted seismic data on December 26th, DGAR (Diego Garcia) (which became operational in January 2004) is actually located on the site of the US military base in the Chagos Archipelago. The other three stations are: COCO (Cocos [Keeling] Islands which is located in an Australian administered territory, PALK (Sri Lanka), and MSEY (Seychelles) .
In addition to the seismic stations of the IDA/IRIS network, the quake was recorded at stations in a number of countries including China, Russia and Japan, not to mention several "auxiliary seismic stations" in Indonesia as well as one in Sri Lanka. (Parapat, Sumatera PSI Auxiliary Seismic Station AS043 2.7 98 is the closest facility to the epicenter). (See http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/index.shtml#parameters . Auxiliary Stations as opposed to Primary stations do not transmit data in real time to the IDA)
| Text Box 1
The Role of Telemetry Data acquired via telemetry may be used for such diverse purposes as: tsunami warning: When large earthquakes occur at sea, they may generate very large seismic sea waves which pose great danger to many persons around the world who live in coastal communities. Prompt transmission of the seismic data permits experts to locate earthquakes quickly, assess the likelihood they have generated a tsunami, and predict when the destructive wave will arrive. Such predictions have already saved numerous lives. Source: SIO's Project IDA, http://ida.ucsd.edu/Telemetry/index.html |
The Chain of information
Seismographic data was transmitted in real time from the four IDA sponsored Indian Ocean stations DGAR (Diego Garcia), COCO (Cocos [Keeling] Islands , PALK (Sri Lanka), and MSEY (Seychelles) to both the IRIS and NEIC centers, where they were then immediately retransmitted (in real time) to the PTWC as well as other relevant agencies.
In other words, while the press reports acknowledge that the Diego Garcia island military base was formally notified of the dangers of a seismic wave, what they failed to mention was that part of the seismic data used by the PTWC to justify its advisory had in fact originated in Diego Garcia, and that the data from Diego Garcia and three other Indian Ocean stations had immediately been recorded but by the IDA/IRIS and NEIC.
All four stations transmitted relevant data, which can be consulted at the IDA website (See table 1 Below)
Table 1 IDA Project Links to Seismographic Readings
Source: IDA Project. Magnitude 9.0 quake off the west coast of Northern Sumatra (click to access the relevant data) http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/index.shtml#parameters |
| Figure 1: Seismographic readings for Dec 26, 2005 at Diego Garcia DGAR
click image to enlarge Source: Project IDA, http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/DGARunclip.gif |
The US Military Base at Diego Garcia
The IDA/IRIS seismic station DGAR (Diego Garcia) , is in a vault located on the grounds of the US Air Force's Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) station at the US military base. (The GEODSS Diego Garcia facility provides "space surveillance data" through three powerful telescopes. GEODSS also monitors moving objects and meteorites; concomitantly, it also uses seismographic data.)
While DGAR was established with the cooperation of the US military, it is categorized as a civilian scientific facility. The later uses the island's military base's communications facilities to transmit its seismic readings to the IDA/IRIS center in Seattle.
In other words, with a modern systems of communication, the data was transmitted in real time from these four Indian Ocean seismic stations to the Seattle and Golden (Denver, Colorado) centers as well as to the PTWC in Hawaii, and other centres, agencies of government, etc, in the US and internationally.
Whether the seismographic readings from DGAR were directly available to military personnel on location at Diego Garcia at the GEODSS facility is not known, although in all likelihood, the Diego Garcia military authorities would in any event have near real time access to the seismic data monitored by NEIC and other seismic centers.
In other words, in all likelihood, the US military had the relevant data on their computer screens within minutes of their transmission.
More generally, there are close links between the relevant civilian and military entities. NOAA, while formally a civilian body under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce, is headed by a former Vice Admiral, and NOAA weather services, which oversees the PTWCs in Hawaii and Alaska is administered by a retired US Air Force Brig. General. (See http://www.nws.noaa.gov/johnson_bio.php )
The Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBTO)
In addition to the IDA/IRIS stations, the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) based in Vienna, operates several stations in the Indian Ocean region, three of which are in fact located in the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory). (See map) Two of these stations are situated directly on the site of the US military base. In other words, there are in all four stations in the Chagos archipelago, which use the communications system of the US military base.
The IMS confirmed that it recorded the December 26th earthquake at 78 of its stations, including those in the Indian Ocean in near real time, "within seconds to minutes of the event." (of the 78 IMS stations, 71 were using the seismic, six the hydroacoustic and one the infrasound technologies. The latter (infrasound station) was located within proximity of the Diego Garcia military base in the Chagos Archipelago.
The CTBTO confirms in this regard that "the first automatic event list containing the Sumatra earthquake was released by the International Data Center (IDC) in Vienna two hours after the event." It nonetheless confirms that the "raw data from the monitoring stations" were communicated "in near real time" ( almost immediately) to national data centers of state signatories including Australia, Indonesia and Thailand. (See text of CTBTO Press Release ).
Four Monitoring Stations in the Chagos Archipelago
In addition to the IDA DGAR seismic station, there are three monitoring stations in the Chagos islands under the jurisdiction of the CTBTO/IMS:
BIOT/Chagos Hydroacoustic Station (HA08), BIOT/Chagos Radionuclide Station (RN66) both located at Diego Garcia military base and the BIOT/Chagos Infrasound Station (IS52) (located North of Diego Garcia, see map below). The Radionuclide Station (RN66) located at Diego Garcia, monitors radioactivity in the Indian Ocean basin. (see http://pws.ctbto.org/verification/facilities/monfacoutput.dhtml?&vcol=a.name&vord=desc )
These IMS stations transmit data in real time to the CTBTO International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna.
In other words, the Vienna based IMS also had relevant information, within minutes of the M-9.0 earthquake. To date, none of the data recorded at its Indian Ocean stations has been made public, although it is normally transmitted to the signatory governments and is no doubt also available to the US military.
The functions of these stations under the CTBTO mandate are as follows:
"The IMS uses seismic, hydroacoustic and infrasound monitoring technologies to detect the transient signals created when the energy is released in underground, underwater and atmosphere environments, respectively. Radionuclide monitoring technologies collect and analyze air samples for evidence of the physical products created and carried by the winds. Seismic, hydroacoustic and infrasound, or the wave technologies, all utilize sensors which record signals from explosions and naturally occurring events in the form of digital waveforms. These digital waveforms or time series provide diagnostic information to detect, locate and characterize the energy source. Radionuclide technology is based on air samplers which collect and analyse atmospheric particulate matter deposited on collection filters. The analysis of the radionuclide content uniquely confirms the fact of a nuclear explosion."
(For further details see, CBTO, The Global Verification Regime and the International Monitoring System, Vienna, 2001 http://pws.ctbto.org/reference/outreach/booklet3.pdf )
In other words, the data collected by the three Chagos islands IMS stations have the capacity of "registering shock waves emanating from a nuclear explosion underground, in the seas and in the air, as well as detecting radioactive debris released into the atmosphere." This data could shed light on the nature of the disaster, while also dispelling speculation by some news media that the tsunami could have been caused by an underground explosion.
It is therefore crucial that the readings from these three BIOT IMS stations, which are available to the signatory governments, be promptly released and analyzed
| Fig 2
Click image to access map of Diego Garcia and Chagos archipelago
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/diego_garcia_pol80.jpg |
| Table 2
FOUR MONITORING STATIONS IN THE BIOT CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 1. IDA/ IRIS DGAR (Diego Garcia), Seismometer on the site of the US Air Force's Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) station at Diego Garcia. -7.3 S 72.4 E 2. IMS/ CTBTO BIOT Chagos Hydroacoustic Station (HA08) at -7.3 S 72.4 E located at the Diego Garcia US military base 3. IMS/ CTBTO BIOT Chagos Radionuclide Station (RN66) at -7.0 S 72.0 E located at the Diego Garcia US military base. 4. IMS/ CTBTO BIOT Chagos Infrasound Station (IS52) at -5.0 S 72.0 E located near Peros Banhos Island CTBT International Monitoring System
Source: FAS |
Table 3: 480 Stations sorted by distance from the epicenter recorded the seismic data
IRIS ONLINE DATA ON WILBER II
|
Event: 2004/12/26 00:58:50.7 OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATERA Mag: 8.5 Type: MS Lat: 3.30 Lon: 95.78 Depth: 10.00
|
Satellite Imagery transmitted in Real Time
In addition to real time seismic data (as well as hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide data), satellite images of an impending disaster on the North Sumatra coastline were also available in near real time to a number of agencies and international organizations.
The US has a state of the art spy satellite system, with very precise capabilities of monitoring the terrain, including changes in the natural environment, not to mention moving objects.
The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), which was responsible for launching the first spy satellites of the Cold War era operates a sophisticated system of reconnaissance satellites, which transmit imagery and other data in real time.
The data received by the NRO are relayed to a number of US government/ military bodies including the Department of Defense and the CIA.
As part of its mandate, the NRO has the ability to"
" warn of potential trouble spots around the World, help plan military operations and monitor the environment"
Another key US body, involved in satellite imagery is the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, (NGA) , formerly known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency. The latter was in fact the architect of the global positioning system (GPS), which was conducive to creating a system of global geospatial intelligence (GEOINT).
NGA is part of the US defense system, it serves the Department of Defense and the intelligence community. It has very precise capabilities of monitoring the geographic and physical terrain by satellite, all over the world, using the techniques of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT).
Geospatial intelligence is described by the NGA as:
"the most valuable tool for envisioning and predicting activity around the World. It serves anyone from the White House to the pilothouse, from the Situation room to the ready room"
In other words, state of the art satellite imagery (available to military, intelligence, civilian as well as private commercial entities) provides "a real time set of eyes". With regard, to the M-9.0 tsunami of December 26, satellite images were available almost immediately. The US military confirms in this regard, that it has access from its satellite systems "to vital intelligence in real time". These real time images were used extensively in the Iraq and Afghan war theaters. (Hearings of Sen Armed Services Committee, 25 Feb 2004).
The European Space Agency
Real time seismic and other data (includingsatellite imagery) were also available to a number of countries including the Russia, China and the European Union.
In this regard, The European Space Agency (ESA ), which has links to NOAA, has state of the art multi-sensor access in real time to data from satellites including very precise imagery which allows
"for complete large-scale phenomena to be observed to an accuracy and entirety it would take an army of ground level observers to match"
According to ESA ,
" a single satellite image has the potential to show the spread of air pollution across a continent, the precise damage done to a region by an earthquake or a forest fires, or the entire span of a 500 km, hurricane from the calmness of its eye to its outermost storm fronts. The same space based sensor gathers data from sites across the World, including places too remote or otherwise inaccessible for ground based data acquisition"
In addition to imagery, the satellite transmits other relevant data which measures very accurately "ground motion" and "sea height":
"Other sensors known as radar instruments actively shine microwaves pulses down to Earth in order to record how these pulses get reflected back up to space.
These instruments measure surface roughness instead of light or heat energy, and have the advantage of being able to see through cloud and darkness. And by combining together different radar images of the same location � a technique known as interferometry � tiny millimetre-scale ground motion can be identified.
A different type of instrument named an altimeter records very precisely the time it takes for a microwave or laser pulse to be bounced back to the satellite, measuring both land and sea height to an accuracy of a few centimetres."(http://www.esa.int/export/esaEO/SEMH2Q1VQUD_index_0.html )
The European Space Agency (ESA) is part of a network. It is a member of the International Charter: Space and Major Disasters along with the Centre national d'�tudes spatiales (CNES), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Argentina's Comisi�n Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)
While "before" and "after" images of the disaster have been made public, the images which show the progress and movement of the tsunami, in the period immediately following the earth quake have not been released.
Concluding Remarks: The Need for An Investigation into the Warning System
More than a quarter of million people have died.
The overriding issues raised in this report cannot drowned or brushed aside. They must be the object of a full-fledged inquiry, preferably by an independent body.
What agencies in the US, the European Union, in the Indian Ocean countries and internationally were informed?
When were they informed? What type of data did they have? Some of that data has not been released.
Why did the information not reach the people on time in the countries affected by the tsunami?
What factors, administrative, scientific or otherwise, contributed to preventing the information from being transmitted?
We are not dealing strictly with seismic data. Satellite images of the devastation in Northern Sumatra were available within a few minutes after the earthquake.
Other types of data were also transmitted in near real time by satellite, which allow for precise monitoring of ground motion on land and sea.
In addition to the seismic data, the Vienna based IMS/CTBTO monitors and compiles hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide data, which is transmitted in near real time from its stations in the Indian Ocean (including three stations in the Chagos islands archipelago). These data were recorded out of the IMS' stations in the Indian Ocean.
Moreover, satellite reconnaissance technology, not to mention the use of simulation models, have the ability to assess and monitor the speed of the tsunami in near real time.
The approximate speed of the seismic wave was known and confirmed. According to the news reports, the tsunami was moving at a speed of roughly 20 km a minute (on average) in relation to Sri Lanka.
The seismic information was known to the NEIC and other seismic centers within less than four minutes after the quake.
The tsunami hit the Indonesian coast within 5 minutes, in other words 11 minutes before the release of the first TPWC bulletin. Banda Aceh was hit by the tsunami 11 minutes after the earthquake, 3 minutes before the release of the TPWc bulletin.
In other words, it was possible to predict in a very precise way, at what time the seismic wave would hit the coastlines of Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, The Maldives and Somalia. Had this information been transmitted in a consistent fashion, there would have been ample time to evacuate people from the coastal areas of Sri Lanka, India, not to mention the East coast of Africa.
There are no Ocean sensors in the Indian Ocean. But this was not the cause of the failures and omissions in the warning system.
The tsunami became active immediately following the earthquake. No warnings were sent out following the seismic readings despite the fact that the tsunami had already hit the Indonesian coast.
This is the key issue.
The Tsunami was active, and this was known, corroborated not only by seismic information but also by satellite images and other data, roughly 30 minutes prior to hitting Thailand.
The Tsunami Timeline
Sunday 26 December 2004 (GMT)
00.58.53 GMT: a 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurs on the seafloor near Aceh in northern Indonesia.
01.02.23 GMT: IDA seismic stations in the Indian Ocean transmit data to the IRIS/ida network and the National Earthquake Information Center World Data Center for Seismology, Denver (3 min 30 sec. after the earthquake)
Shortly after 01.00 GMT: Earthquake hits several cities in Indonesia, creates panic in urban areas in peninsular Malaysia. The news of the earthquake is reported immediately.
01.04 GMT the tsunami hits the coast of Northern Sumatra ( 5 min after the earthquake)
01.10 minutes after the earthquake it devastated Banda, capital of Aceh. (11 minutes after the earthquake)
01.14 GMT the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii emits its first bulletin, confirming that there is no tsunami warning in effect.
01.3O GMT: Phuket and Coast of Thailand: The tidal wave hits to coastline shortly after 8.30 am, 01.30 GMT
02:16 GMT (one hour seventeen minutes after the earthquake). SIO staff received notice via automatic email from the NEIC of the initial earthquake detection.
02.30 GMT: Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka is hit. The seismic wave hits the coastal regions close to the capital Colombo, according to report at 8.30 am local time, 02.30 GMT (approximately, an hour and a half after the earthquake)
02:57 PM (one hour fifty-eight minutes after the quake), SIO staff receive request from Sri Lanka "asking whether there had been any earthquakes in or near Sri Lanka." (By that time the tsunami had already devastated the coast of Sri Lanka).
02.45 GMT: India's Eastern Coastline. The tsunami hits India's eastern coast as of 6:15 a.m.(02:45 GMT)
04.00 GMT: Male, Maldives: From about 9:00 am (04.00 GMT), three hours after the earthquake, the capital, Male, and other parts of the country were flooded by the tsunami. (more than three hours after the earthquake)
11.00 GMT (approximate time according to news dispatches): East Coast of Africa is hit. More than ten hours after the earthquake
Annex
The Global Tsunami Warning System
While the PTWC failed to acknowledge the existence of the tsunami in its first two bulletins, the Tsunami was in fact monitored in real time by a number of monitoring stations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to which the PTWC belongs.
Modeling enabled scientists to evaluate the traveling time of the tsunami. From the outset of the earthquake at 00.59 UTC on the 26th, tsunami waves were monitored by a number of stations. Moreover, NOAA has acknowledged that it had very precise satellite images which enables it to measure the height of the tsunami. These height measurements were available but were only processed at a later period (See http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2365.htm )
NOAA: Tsunami Height Measurements (satellite) click to enlarge
Related Global Research Articles
Foreknowledge of a Natural Disaster: Washington was aware that a deadly Tidal Wave was building up in the Indian Ocean, Michel Chossudovsky
The Tsunami: Why Weren't They Warned? Eric Waddell
Discrepancies in the Tsunami Warning System, Michel Chossudovsky
US island base given warning: Bulletins sent to Diego Garcia 'could have saved lives' Richard Norton-Taylor
Senator Snowe Questions Absence of Tsunami Warning
Links to important sources of information:
Columbia University Earth Institute
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) , Washington D.C
IRIS network of 128+ (often unmanned) seismic monitoring stations worldwide.
International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA)
IDA stations in the Indian Ocean:
The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)
World Data Center of the National Earthquake Information Center in Denver, USA.
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics , University of California, San Diego,
USGS United States Geological Survey
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA)
NOAA: West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center: Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December, 2004
NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, PTWC
NOAA West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, WCATWC
Map of IMS Facilities (takes time to download)
IISSE: Off Coast of Northern Sumatra Earthquake (Japan)
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Seismology Section
On Satellite Imagery
The European Space Agency (ESA )
The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, (NGA)
Natural Hazards Research Websites
Satellite Images, Data and Information Websites
Earth Observing System, Direct Broadcast
Earth Observing System Data Gateway
Earth Observation Imagery Disasters
QUAKELINE : bibliographic database produced by the MCEER Information Service . It covers earthquakes, earthquake engineering, natural hazard mitigation, and related topics. It includes records for various publication types, such as journal articles, conference papers, technical reports, maps, and videotapes.
International Charter: Space and Major Disasters
The International Charter aims at providing a unified system of space data acquisition and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters through authorized users. Each member agency has committed resources to support the provisions of the Charter and thus is helping to mitigate the effects of disasters on human life and property.
View PDF of the Charter Pamphlet The International Charter was declared formally operational on November 1, 2000. An authorized user can now call a single number to request the mobilization of the space and associated ground resources (RADARSAT, ERS, SPOT) of the three agencies to obtain data and information on a disaster occurrence
Participating Agencies and Space Resources
The following Space Agencies are currently members of the Charter. Click on the name for more information about the Agency and its space resources.
|
Member |
Space Resources |
|
European Space Agency (ESA) |
ERS, ENVISAT |
|
SPOT | |
|
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) |
RADARSAT |
|
IRS | |
|
POES, GOES | |
|
Argentina's Comisi�n Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE) |
SAC -C |
International Charter: Tsunami 26 December (click for specific details)
Provides satellite images, before and after.
The images showing the progress of the tsunami on the 26th of Dec, obtained in near real time have not been released.
ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Observation, Earthnet Online
Indonesia - Sri Lanka - Thailand - India
Earthquake/Tsunami - 26 December 2004
Envisat Altimetry
ENVISAT Radar Altimeter contribution (Click on the thumbnail to enlarge the preview image)
For more information, please click here: http://www-dase.cea.fr |
![3 components [closest IDA station, COCO, clipped]](http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/COCO_closest_clipped.gif){kind=link}
![3 components [closest IDA station, COCO, non-clipped]](http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/COCOunclip.gif){kind=link}
![3 components [next closest IDA station, PALK, non-clipped]](http://ida.ucsd.edu/SpecialEvents/2004/361/a/PALKunclip.gif){kind=link}
DOSSIERS DE LA TERRE ET ENVIRONNEMENT (FRANCE) at http://www-dase.cea.fr/actu/dossiers_scientifiques/2004-12-26/index.html
Figure 4 : Animation Simulating the propagation of the tsunami in the Indian Ocean .
EMSC Study:
European Mediterranean Seismological Centre
Mw 8.9 earthquake in Sumatra on December 26th, 2004 at 00:58 UTC (Click for report)
University of Evora Study:
Source Rupture Process of Mw 9.0 26/12/2004 Sumatra earthquake
Earthquake (Mw=8.9) of 26 December 2004
Preliminary Results
Jos� Fernando Borges, Bento Caldeira and Mourad Bezzeghoud